[Curcumin Combined with Thalidomide Inhibits Proliferation of KG-1 Cells and Its Related Mechanisms].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of curcumin combined with thalidomide on the proliferation and apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia KG-1 cells, and its correlation with B-cell lymphoma-xL (Bcl-xL), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation of KG-1 cells and screen the optimal combined concentration of curcumin and thalidomide. The effects of curcumin, thalidomide and their combination on the proliferation and apoptosis of KG-1 cells were analyzed by MTT method and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of STAT3 and Bcl-xL in single-drug group, two-drug combination group and control group (untreated cells) were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Both curcumin and thalidomide inhibited the proliferation of KG-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner in the range of 20-100 µmol/L (r =0.657, r =0.681). The IC50 value of curcumin and thalidomide at 48 h was (42.07±0.50) µmol/L and (57.01±2.39) µmol/L, respectively. The cell proliferation inhibition rate of curcumin (40 µmol/L) + thalidomide (60 µmol/L) was (86.67±1.53)%, which was significantly higher than (51.67±1.15)% of curcumin (40 µmol/L) and (55.33±1.53)% of thalidomide (60 µmol/L) (both P < 0.05). Treated with curcumin and thalidomide alone or in combination, the apoptosis rate of KT-1 cells was (18.67±2.08)%, (21.33±2.52)%, and (46.67±1.53)%, respectively, which was significantly higher than (0.72±0.03)% of control group (all P < 0.05). The cell apoptosis rate of two-drug combination group was significantly higher than that of single-drug group (both P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the mRNA expressions of STAT3 and Bcl-xL in single-drug group, two-drug combination group were significantly decreased (both P < 0.05). Compared with single-drug group, the mRNA expressions of STAT3 and Bcl-xL in two-drug combination group were also significantly decreased (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Curcumin combined with thalidomide can synergistically down-regulate the expression of STAT3 and Bcl-xL, inhibit the proliferation of KG-1 cells, and induce apoptosis.

Anti-inflammatory effect of thalidomide in an experimental lung donor model of brain death.

Lung transplantation stands as a vital treatment for severe lung diseases, primarily sourcing organs from donors with brain death (BD). This research delved into the potential anti-inflammatory effects of thalidomide in rats with BD-induced lung complications. In this study twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into three groups: the control (CTR), brain death (BD) and brain death + thalidomide (TLD) groups. Post specific procedures, a 360 min monitoring period ensued. Comprehensive analyses of blood and heart-lung samples were conducted. Elevated IL-6 levels characterized both BD and TLD groups relative to the CTR (p = 0.0067 and p = 0.0137). Furthermore, TNF-α levels were notably higher in the BD group than both CTR and TLD (p = 0.0152 and p = 0.0495). Additionally, IL-1ß concentrations were significantly pronounced in both BD and TLD compared to CTR, with the BD group surpassing TLD (p = 0.0256). Immunohistochemical assessments revealed augmented NF-ĸB expression in the BD group in comparison to both CTR and TLD (p = 0.0006 and p = 0.0005). With this study we can conclude that BD induced acute pulmonary inflammation, whereas thalidomide manifested a notable capability in diminishing key inflammatory markers, indicating its prospective therapeutic significance in lung transplantation scenarios.

Extramedullary relapse of multiple myeloma presenting as space-occupying lesion in liver treated with daratumumab, pomalidomide, dexamethasone and bendamustine.

Extramedullary relapse in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is often associated with loss of biochemical response and the appearance of measurable residual disease in the bone marrow. Fever is an unusual presenting manifestation of MM. Treatment of extramedullary relapse in patients progressing on proteasome inhibitors, anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies and immunomodulatory drugs is challenging, as access to chimeric antigen receptor T-cells and bispecific antibodies is limited. We report a case of relapsed MM who presented with fever and hepatic space-occupying lesion mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma. In this case report, we also present our experience of using a novel combination regimen comprising Dara-Pom-Benda-Dexa (daratumumab, pomalidomide, dexamethasone and bendamustine) for relapsed MM.

A systematic review of case series and clinical trials investigating systemic oral or injectable therapies for the treatment of vitiligo.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness and safety of oral and injectable systemic treatments, such as methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporine, tofacitinib, baricitinib, corticosteroids, statins, zinc, apremilast, etc., for treating vitiligo lesions. METHOD: Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were meticulously searched for studies spanning from 2010 to August 2023, focusing on systemic oral and injectable therapies for vitiligo, using comprehensive keywords and search syntaxes tailored to each database. Key data extracted included study design, treatment efficacy, patient outcomes, patient satisfaction, and safety profiles. RESULTS: In a total of 42 included studies, oral mini-pulse corticosteroid therapy (OMP) was the subject of six studies (14.2%). Minocycline was the focus of five studies (11.9%), while methotrexate, apremilast, and tofacitinib each were examined in four studies (9.5%). Antioxidants and Afamelanotide were the subjects of three studies each (7.1%). Cyclosporine, simvastatin, oral zinc, oral corticosteroids (excluding OMP) and injections, and baricitinib were each explored in two studies (4.8%). Azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and Alefacept were the subjects of one study each (2.4%). CONCLUSION: Systemic treatments for vitiligo have been successful in controlling lesions without notable side effects. OMP, Methotrexate, Azathioprine, Cyclosporine, Mycophenolate mofetil, Simvastatin, Apremilast, Minocycline, Afamelanotide, Tofacitinib, Baricitinib, Antioxidants, and oral/injectable corticosteroids are effective treatment methods. However, oral zinc and alefacept did not show effectiveness.

Discovery and characterization of potent spiro-isoxazole-based cereblon ligands with a novel binding mode.

The vast majority of current cereblon (CRBN) ligands is based on the thalidomide scaffold, relying on glutarimide as the core binding moiety. With this architecture, most of these ligands inherit the overall binding mode, interactions with neo-substrates, and thereby potentially also the cytotoxic and teratogenic properties of the parent thalidomide. In this work, by incorporating a spiro-linker to the glutarimide moiety, we have generated a new chemotype that exhibits an unprecedented binding mode for glutarimide-based CRBN ligands. In total, 16 spirocyclic glutarimide derivatives incorporating an isoxazole moiety were synthesized and tested for different criteria. In particular, all ligands showed a favorable lipophilicity, and several were able to outperform the binding affinity of thalidomide as a reference. In addition, all compounds showed favorable cytotoxicity profiles in myeloma cell lines and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The novel binding mode, which we determined in co-crystal structures, provides explanations for these improved properties: The incorporation of the spiro-isoxazole changes both the conformation of the glutarimide moiety within the canonical tri-trp pocket and the orientation of the protruding moiety. In this new orientation it forms additional hydrophobic interactions and is not available for direct interactions with the canonical neo-substrates. We therefore propose this chemotype as an attractive building block for the design of PROTACs.

PDE4 Gene Family Variants Are Associated with Response to Apremilast Treatment in Psoriasis.

Moderate-to-severe psoriasis (Ps) treatment includes systemic drugs and biological agents. Apremilast, a small molecule primarily metabolized by cytochrome CYP3A4, modulates the immune system by specifically inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) isoforms and is currently used for the treatment of Ps and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Clinical trials and real-world data showed variable efficacy in response among Ps patients underlying the need for personalized therapy. This study implements a candidate-gene and a network-based approach to identify genetic markers associated with apremilast response in forty-nine Greek Ps patients. Our data revealed an association of sixty-four SNPs within or near PDE4 and CYP3A4 genes, four SNPs in ncRNAs ANRIL, LINC00941 and miR4706, which influence the abundance or function of PDE4s, and thirty-three SNPs within fourteen genes whose protein products either interact directly with PDE4 proteins or constitute components of the cAMP signaling pathway which is modulated by PDE4s. Notably, fifty-six of the aforementioned SNPs constitute eQTLs for the respective genes in relevant to psoriasis tissues/cells implying that these variants could be causal. Our analysis provides a number of novel genetic variants that, upon validation in larger cohorts, could be utilized as predictive markers regarding the response of Ps patients to apremilast treatment.

A comparative study of whole brain radiotherapy with concomitant thalidomide versus whole brain radiotherapy alone in brain metastases.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastasis increases morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. This study was undertaken to compare tumor response and treatment-related toxicities in patients treated with orally administered thalidomide concomitantly with whole brain radiotherapy to whole brain radiotherapy alone in brain metastases. METHODS: This randomized control trial was conducted in radiation oncology department, RIMS among 42 patients of brain metastases distributed in two study arms during the period August 2018 to July 2020. Twenty patients in Arm-A received whole brain radiotherapy to a dose of 3,750 cGy in 15 fractions with concomitant oral thalidomide 200 mg daily in first week and 400 mg/day from second week of radiation onward till the end of radiotherapy, whereas 20 patients of Arm-B received whole brain radiation of 3,750 cGy in 15 fractions alone. RESULTS: Patient characteristics were comparable. Median central nervous system progression free survival was 2 months for Arm-A and 3 months for Arm-B, whereas median overall survival study was 4 months for Arm-A and 3 months for Arm-B. Overall response rate in Arm-A was 56% and in Arm-B was 44%. Treatment-related toxicities were more in arm-A but were manageable. CONCLUSION: Addition of thalidomide to whole brain radiotherapy makes no significant difference. Though not statistically significant, but still, Arm-A had shown some percentage benefits. Further studies with larger sample sizes should be done.

[Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell tumor treated with DVT regimen: a case report and literature review].

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and highly aggressive hematological malignancy, there is no standard treatment and the prognosis is very poor. Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University report a case of 85-year-old BPDCN male patient treated with DVT regimen (decitabine combined with Venetoclax and thalidomide) and achieved complete remission. The patient with skin nodules and the pathology diagnosed BPDCN, the next generation sequencing of skin nodules showed mutations of IDH2 and ASXL1. DVT (decitabine combined with Venetoclax and thalidomide) has significant efficacy with rapid and deep remission for BPDCN, and the adverse effects is less, especially suitable for elderly patients who cannot tolerate intense chemotherapy.

Continuous evolution of compact protein degradation tags regulated by selective molecular glues.

Conditional protein degradation tags (degrons) are usually >100 amino acids long or are triggered by small molecules with substantial off-target effects, thwarting their use as specific modulators of endogenous protein levels. We developed a phage-assisted continuous evolution platform for molecular glue complexes (MG-PACE) and evolved a 36-amino acid zinc finger (ZF) degron (SD40) that binds the ubiquitin ligase substrate receptor cereblon in complex with PT-179, an orthogonal thalidomide derivative. Endogenous proteins tagged in-frame with SD40 using prime editing are degraded by otherwise inert PT-179. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of SD40 in complex with ligand-bound cereblon revealed mechanistic insights into the molecular basis of SD40's activity and specificity. Our efforts establish a system for continuous evolution of molecular glue complexes and provide ZF tags that overcome shortcomings associated with existing degrons.

Pomalidomide Improves Motor Behavioral Deficits and Protects Cerebral Cortex and Striatum Against Neurodegeneration Through a Reduction of Oxidative/Nitrosative Damages and Neuroinflammation After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Neuronal damage resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes disruption of neuronal projections and neurotransmission that contribute to behavioral deficits. Cellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is an early event following TBI. ROS often damage DNA, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates while RNS attack proteins. The products of lipid peroxidation 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and protein nitration 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) are often used as indicators of oxidative and nitrosative damages, respectively. Increasing evidence has shown that striatum is vulnerable to damage from TBI with a disturbed dopamine neurotransmission. TBI results in neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and autophagy in the striatum and contribute to motor or behavioral deficits. Pomalidomide (Pom) is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunomodulatory drug clinically used in treating multiple myeloma. We previously showed that Pom reduces neuroinflammation and neuronal death induced by TBI in rat cerebral cortex. Here, we further compared the effects of Pom in cortex and striatum focusing on neurodegeneration, oxidative and nitrosative damages, as well as neuroinflammation following TBI. Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a controlled cortical impact were used as the animal model of TBI. Systemic administration of Pom (0.5 mg/kg, intravenous [i.v.]) at 5 h post-injury alleviated motor behavioral deficits, contusion volume at 24 h after TBI. Pom alleviated TBI-induced neurodegeneration stained by Fluoro-Jade C in both cortex and striatum. Notably, Pom treatment reduces oxidative and nitrosative damages in cortex and striatum and is more efficacious in striatum (93% reduction in 4-HNE-positive and 84% reduction in 3-NT-positive neurons) than in cerebral cortex (42% reduction in 4-HNE-positive and 55% reduction in 3-NT-positive neurons). In addition, Pom attenuated microgliosis, astrogliosis, and elevations of proinflammatory cytokines in cortical and striatal tissue. We conclude that Pom may contribute to improved motor behavioral outcomes after TBI through targeting oxidative/nitrosative damages and neuroinflammation.

In small-intestinal angiodysplasia with recurrent bleeding, thalidomide reduced bleeding episodes at 1 y.

SOURCE CITATION: Chen H, Wu S, Tang M, et al. Thalidomide for recurrent bleeding due to small-intestinal angiodysplasia. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:1649-1659. 37913505.

Harnessing the potential of fatty Acid-Surfactant-Based micellar gel for enhanced topical delivery of Apremilast in psoriasis treatment.

Apremilast (APR) is a potent anti-psoriatic agent that inhibits the phosphodiesterase 4 enzyme. Due to the poor oral bioavailability and associated systemic side effects the clinical applicability of APR has been constrained. Nanotechnology-based carrier system presents a novel option to increase the efficacy of the topical treatment of APR. The current investigation deals with the development of fatty acid-surfactant conjugate-based hybrid mixed micellar gel (HMMG) for the topical delivery of APR. The developed micelles exhibited an average size of 83.59 ± 4.46 nm, PDI of 0.239 ± 0.047, % entrapment efficiency of âˆ¼ 94.78 ± 3.98 %, with % practical drug loading of ∼11.37 ± 3.14 %. TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of micelles. The hybrid micelles were further loaded in a carbopol®934P gel base for ease of application. Ex vivo permeation study revealed enhanced permeation and âˆ¼ 38-fold higher retention in deeper layers of skin from a hybrid micellar gel. In vivo, assessment demonstrated augmented efficacy of APR-HMMG as compared to 0.1 % betamethasone valerate. Also, APR-HMMG showed no sign of irritation, suggesting superior safety as a topical application. Thus, the proposed formulation strategy represents a viable avenue for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of various anti-psoriatic moieties.

Real-world treatment patterns and outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma in Denmark, Finland and Sweden: An analysis using linked Nordic registries.

AIM: The Health outcomes and Understanding of MyelomA multi-National Study (HUMANS) was a large-scale, retrospective study conducted across Denmark, Finland and Sweden using linked data from national registries. We describe the characteristics, treatment patterns and clinical outcomes for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) over 2010-2018. METHODS: Patients with NDMM who received MM-specific, first-line treatments, were categorised by treatment (autologous stem cell transplantation [ASCT] or a combination chemotherapy regimen based on bortezomib, lenalidomide or melphalan-prednisolone-thalidomide). RESULTS: 11,023 patients received treatment over 2010-2018. Time between diagnosis and treatment was shortest in Denmark (0.9 months), then Sweden (2.9 months) and Finland (4.6 months). Around one third of patients underwent ASCT. Lenalidomide-based regimens were prescribed to 23-28% of patients in Denmark and Finland, versus 12% in Sweden. Patients receiving lenalidomide had the longest wait for treatment, from 3.2 months (Denmark) to 12.1 months (Sweden). Treatment persistence was highest among patients receiving melphalan-prednisolone-thalidomide (7-8 months) in Finland and Sweden and lowest among those receiving bortezomib (3.5 months) in Finland. Overall survival (OS) was longest among patients with ASCT (7-10 years). Among patients receiving chemotherapy, OS (from diagnosis/treatment initiation), varied between cohorts. In a sensitivity analysis excluding patients with smouldering MM, OS decreased for all; for patients receiving bortezomib or lenalidomide, OS from diagnosis was 40-49 and 27-54 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study of patients with NDMM receiving first-line MM-specific treatment, provides real-world data on treatment patterns and outcomes to complement data from randomised clinical trials.

Efficacy and safety of daratumumab, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone versus daratumumab, carfilzomib, and dexamethasone in daratumumab-naïve relapsed multiple myeloma.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study to analyze the safety and efficacy of DPd versus DKd in daratumumab naïve RRMM patients treated in real-world practice. RESULTS: A total of 187 patients with RRMM were included in the analysis; 128 patients received DPd, and 59 patients received DKd. A vast majority (80%) of patients had lenalidomide refractory disease and nearly 50% had bortezomib refractory disease. The overall response and complete response rates were 76% and 34% in the DPd group versus 80% and 51% in the DKd group, respectively. With a median follow up of 36 months for the entire patient population, median PFS and OS in the DPd versus DKd groups were 12, 12, 37, and 35 months, respectively. The most common grade 3+ adverse events in the DPd versus DKd groups were neutropenia (32% vs. 7%), anemia (14% vs. 10%), thrombocytopenia (13% vs. 15%), and cardiovascular events (4% vs. 15%), respectively. Both DPd and DKd appeared to be a safe and effective treatment options for RRMM. CONCLUSIONS: While there were more cytopenias associated with DPd and more cardiovascular side effects with DKd, there were no significant differences in the survival outcomes with these two regimens.

Thalidomide for management of refractory oral mucosal diseases.

BACKGROUND: Thalidomide has anti-inflammatory properties and has been used off-label for multiple mucocutaneous disorders, but its application in managing refractory oral mucosal diseases is unclear. This study aimed to review the efficacy and safety of thalidomide in treating various oral mucosal disorders refractory to conventional therapies. METHODS: The medical records of patients who were prescribed thalidomide from 2002 through 2021 for oral mucosal disorders were reviewed. Data collected included demographic characteristics, oral mucosal disease diagnosis, treatment courses, and thalidomide dose, duration, response, and side effects. RESULTS: Thalidomide was prescribed for 28 patients with diagnoses of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (n = 14), inflammatory oral lichenoid lesions (n = 6), traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stroma eosinophilia (n = 5), chronic radiation-induced mucositis (n = 2), and orofacial granulomatosis (n = 1). Patients were treated for a median duration of 84 days (range 2-1,582). Clinical improvement was observed in 19 of 22 patients who completed at least 1 cycle of thalidomide (86.4%), with complete resolution in 12 patients (54.5%). Adverse events occurred in 75% of patients (n = 21), with 8 requiring thalidomide discontinuation. The most common adverse events included peripheral neuropathy (42.9%), drowsiness (28.6%), and constipation (21.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Thalidomide may be considered for the management of refractory oral mucosal disorders. Drug side effects are common and need monitoring closely during use.